《四川省宜賓市興文第二中學(xué)2023-2024學(xué)年高二下學(xué)期開學(xué)英語試題（原卷版）.docx》由會員上傳分享，免費在線閱讀，更多相關(guān)內(nèi)容在教育資源-天天文庫。

興文二中高2022級高二下期開學(xué)考試英語試題第I卷選擇題（100分）第一部分聽力(共兩節(jié)，滿分30分)做題時，先將答案標(biāo)在試卷上。錄音內(nèi)容結(jié)束后，你將有兩分鐘的時間將試卷上的答案轉(zhuǎn)涂到答題卡上。第一節(jié)(共5小題；每小題1.5分，滿分7.5分)聽下面5段對話。每段對話后有一個小題，從題中所給的A、B、C三個選項中選出最佳選項。聽完每段對話后，你都有10秒鐘的時間來回答有關(guān)小題和閱讀下一小題。每段對話僅讀一遍。1.【此處可播放相關(guān)音頻，請去附件查看】Whatdoesthewomanmean?A.Themanneedstofinishthebook.B.Thebookisboring.C.Themanshouldcheckwithhisprofessor.2.【此處可播放相關(guān)音頻，請去附件查看】WhatisJames’planfortheholiday?A.TowatchTV.B.Toworkovertime.C.Tostudyforexams.3.【此處可播放相關(guān)音頻，請去附件查看】Whatisthewomandoingnow?AEatinginacafe.B.Cookingherlunch.C.Studyingforanexam.4.【此處可播放相關(guān)音頻，請去附件查看】WhendidthewomancometotheUS?A.In1973.B.In1975.C.In1977.5.【此處可播放相關(guān)音頻，請去附件查看】Whatarethespeakerstalkingabout?A.ATVshow.B.Theman’shobby.C.Wildlifeprotection.第二節(jié)(共15小題；每小題1.5分，滿分22.5分)聽下面5段對話或獨白。每段對話或獨白后有幾個小題，從題中所給的A、B、C三個選項中選出最佳選項。聽每段對話或獨白前，你將有時間閱讀各個小題，每小題5 秒鐘；聽完后，各小題將給出5秒鐘的作答時間。每段對話或獨白讀兩遍。聽下面一段較長對話，回答以下小題。【此處可播放相關(guān)音頻，請去附件查看】6.Whatisthemandoing?A.Drivingacar.B.Repairingacar.C.Borrowingacar.7.Howdoesthemansoundintheend?A.Confused.B.Hesitant.C.Confident.聽下面一段較長對話，回答以下小題。【此處可播放相關(guān)音頻，請去附件查看】8.Whydoesthewomangiveupgettinghercarfixed?A.Itisbeyondrepair.B.Shehastospendalotfixingit.C.Hergrandfatherwillbuyheranewone.9Howdoesthewomanplantogettoschool?A.Bybus.B.Onfoot.C.Bybike.聽下面一段較長對話，回答以下小題。【此處可播放相關(guān)音頻，請去附件查看】10Whyisn’tthewomaninterestedinFlorida?A.Itwillbepackedwithtourists.B.Therewillbenothingtodothere.C.Itishardtobuyticketstogothere.11.WhatdoyouknowabouttheholidaycenterinSardinia?A.Itiswhattouristscannotmiss.B.Itismuchcheaperthisyear.C.Transportthereisinconvenient.12.Whatwillthewomandoaftertheconversation?A.Packsomeluggage.B.Talkwithherfriend.C.Abandonherholiday.聽下面一段較長對話，回答以下小題。【此處可播放相關(guān)音頻，請去附件查看】13.Whyistheeventorganized? A.Tomakemoney.B.Toencouragereading.C.Todonatebookstotheschool14.Whoistheorganizeroftheevent?A.Theschool.B.Thewoman.C.Thelocalbookstores.15.Howwillthemanhelp?A.Bycollectingbooks.B.Byleadingabakesale.C.Bymakingalistofplaces.16.Wherewilltheeventbeheld?A.Atagym.B.Atalibrary.C.Atabookstore.聽下面一段獨白，回答以下小題?！敬颂幙刹シ畔嚓P(guān)音頻，請去附件查看】17.Howdostudentsenterthelibrary?A.Withalibraryaccount.B.Withastudentcard.C.Withapassword.18.Howmanybookscancurrentstudentsborrowatmost?A.12.B.11.C.9.19.Whatkindofbookshavetobereturnedwithinoneweek?A.Booksborrowedbylocalresidents.B.Bookslikedbyalotofpeople.C.Bookspublishedrecently.20.Whatwillthespeakerdonext?A.Tellthestudentswheretogetbottledwater.B.Takethestudentsonacampustour.C.Showthestudentsaroundthelibrary.第二部分閱讀理解(共兩節(jié)，滿分50分)第一節(jié)(共15小題；每小題2.5分，滿分37.5分)閱讀下列短文，從每題所給的A、B、C和D四個選項中，選出最佳選項。AFourBestNationalParksfor2023-2024SwissNationalParkSwissNationalParkineasternSwitzerlandcoversnearly42,000acresofland,givingvisitorsaccesstoroughly60milesoftrailsthatweaveinandoutofvalleysbackedbythebreathtakingSwissAlps.Whilehiking,keepaneyeoutforwildliferangingfromwell-knownanimalslikefoxesandeaglestoAlpineibexesthatarewildgoatswithlargehornslivinginthemountains.Thisparkclosesfrommid-NovemberuntiltheendofMaywith somehighertrailsremainingundersnowthroughJune,sotimeyourtripforthewarmermonths.YosemiteNationalParkLocatednearly170mileseastofSanFrancisco,Yosemiteoffersvisitorsplentyofimpressivenaturalwonderstosee.Sceniclandscapes,suchasthefamousTunnelViewandValleyViewoutlooks,andfamouslandmarkslikeHalfDomeandElCapitanarejustafewofYosemite’sgreatestattractions.Don’tforgettoswingbyoneofthesequoiagroves(紅杉林)tobeamazedatthetoweringtrees.Glacier(冰川)NationalParkGlacierNationalParkisMontana’scrownjewel.Theexpansiveonemillion-acrepark,whichwasnamedafterthoseremainsofglaciersestimatedtobe7,000yearsold,offersimpressivemountainousscenery.Here,you’llfindmorethan700lakes,NationalHistoricLandmarksincludingLakeMcDonaldLodge,GraniteParkChaletandtheTwoMedicineStore,andthefamousHighlineTrail,whichfollowstheContinentalDivide.BanffNationalParkSituatedinsouthwesternAlberta,Canada’soldestnationalparkisalsooneofitsmostbeautifulnationalparks.VisitorscanexploreBanffNationalParkonfootalongmorethan1,000milesofhikingtrails—theLakeAgnesTrailfeaturesaseasonalEuropean-styleteahouse,ordrivethescenicIcefieldsParkwayforbreathtakingviewsofglaciersandwaterfalls.21.WhenarehikersadvisedtogotoSwissNationalPark?A.InMay.B.InJune.C.InAugust.D.InDecember.22.WhatcanvisitorsdoinYosemiteNationalPark?A.Admire7,000-year-oldlandmarks.B.Interactwithrarewildanimals.C.WalkalongtheLakeAgnesTrail.D.Haveagoodviewofhugetrees.23.WhatdoGlacierNationalParkandBanffNationalParkhaveincommon?A.Thechancetoseeglaciers.B.Theclimbontohighmountains.C.Thevisittoanumberofvalleys.D.Thedrivethroughthewholepark.BIn2013,AlieWard’slifewasfallingapart.Inquicksuccession,herrelationshipwithherpartnerended;herdadwasdiagnosedwitharareformofcancer;andshewasfeelingincreasinglyunhappyinherjob.WardlivedinLosAngelesatthetime.Todistractherselffromhersadness,shelikedtofindandtakepicturesofherunconventionalobsession(癡迷):bugs.Sometimes,ifshefoundabeetleorabeethatsheparticularlyliked,she’dpostittosocialmedia.ThosepostsattractedtheattentionofawomannamedLilaHiggins,whoworkedasanentomologistatthelocalnaturalhistorymuseum.AfterseeingWard’spictures,Higginsreachedouttoherto seeifshewouldwantatourofthemuseum’sinsectary(昆蟲飼養(yǎng)研究室).“Formostpeopleinthemiddleofareallyterribleyear,questionlike‘Doyouwanttocometosee40cockroaches(蟑螂)inafishtank’isnotwhatmostpeoplewouldsay‘a(chǎn)bsolutely’to,”Wardsaid.“Butthisismyjam.TherewasnothingIwantedmorethantoseesomescorpions(蝎子).”WhenHigginsledherthroughthedifferentexhibitsinthemuseum,forthefirsttimeinages,Wardfeltherselflightup.HigginsnoticedherenthusiasmandsuggestedWardvolunteeratthemuseumforafewhourseveryweek.Despiteherdoubts,Warddecidedtosignup.“Itgavemethissenseofpurpose.IthelpedmereconnectwithmyloveofscienceandnaturethatIreallyputonthebackburnertochasethosecareersthatwerenotreallywhatIlike,”saidWard.Soon,Wardquitherjobandstartedworkinginsciencemedia.ShenowisthehostofapodcastcalledOlogies.WardhadHigginsontheshowasherfirstguest.“Shehascausedsuchanincreasingeffectinmylife.ItwasreallybecauseofherthatIwasabletoreconnectwiththatpartofmyself,anddosomethingthatIreallylove,”saidWard.24.WhydidWardliketotakepicturesofbugs?A.Tohelphergetridofhersadness.B.Toshowherinterestinbugs.C.Todrawinspirationfrombugs.D.Toshowhowbeautifulthebugswere.25.HowdidWardfeelwhenHigginsinitiallycontactedher?A.Confused.B.Excited.C.Curious.D.Worried.26.Whatcanweinferfromparagraph5?A.Wardwantedtochasehercareerasahost.B.Wardwasunwillingtoacceptthejobasavolunteer.C.Warddidn’tshowmuchinterestinherpreviousjob.D.Wardacceptedthevolunteerworkwithouthesitation.27.Whichcanbeasuitabletitleforthetext?A.ASpecialPassionforBugsB.AnUnexpectedInvitationC.AnAppreciationtoaStrangerD.APositiveAttitudeTowardsLifeCYoumaynotrealizeit,butyourdaygoesaroundplants.It’snotjustmealtime.Commercialplantsareusedineverythingfrommedicinetofood,paper,bioplastics,andotherproducts.However,asglobalclimatechangeintensifies,growingmanyoftheseplantswillbeamajorchallenge.Massiveheatwavesanddroughtsarealreadyaffectingfarmers:Overthenextthreedecades,California’sSanJoaquinValleyalonecouldloseupto535,000acresoffarmlandasaresultofshrinkingwatersupplies. JenniferBrophy,anassistantprofessorofbioengineeringatStanford,wantstohelpsolvethatproblem.Inordertopushplantstorespondtoextremeclimates,Brophyisbuildingwhatshecalls“geneticcircuits(基因回路)”.Inadditiontochangingthegeneswithinplantcells,thismethodalsochangeshowandwhenthosegenesareactivated.Iftheplantsensesaspecificsugaroragrichemical,itcanexpressoneprotein;ifitsensesanothersignal,it’llexpressadifferentprotein,kickingoffanentirelyseparatechainofevents.Ifbothsignalsarethere,theplantmaybeabletoexpresssomethingelseentirely.“Usingcircuits,youcanhaveplantsrespondinnewwaystoallthesedifferentinputs,”shesays.“Aplantdoesn’tnecessarilyknowwhat’scoming.Itjustknowsifit’shotortemperate(溫和的)rightnow,”saysBrophy.Thiscanleadtoproblemswhentheweatherbecomesunstable.Aplantthatusuallyflowersinspringmayflowerinwinterifthereareafewunseasonablywarmdays.Whentemperaturesplummetagain,theflowersdie,whichruinsayear’scrops.“It’dbegreattobeabletocommunicatewithplantsandtellthem,‘Hey,youshouldwaitonthatflowering,’”sheadds.Controllingplants’growthatthislevelisexciting,butactuallyputtingitintopracticeisalongwayoff.Atthemoment,BrophyistestingtheconceptinthelabusingasmallweedyplantcalledArabidopsis.She’sstillearlyintheprocessoffiguringouthowtoactivatecertaingenesoncommand.Whiletheresearchisinitsearlystages,itmayhelppavethewayforthenextgenerationoffarming.28.What’stheauthor’spurposeofmentioningSanJoaquinValley?A.Toprovethenecessityofgrowingmoreplants.B.Topointoutthebarriertoincreasingwatersupplies.C.Toshowtheharmfuleffectofclimatechangeonfarming.D.Totelltherootcauseofintensifiedglobalclimatechange.29.What’stheexpectedfunctionofgeneticcircuits?A.Predictingplants’responsetodifferentinputs.B.Increasingtheattractivenessofcommercialplants.C.Providingmoreenergyforplantsoutofseason.D.Controllingplants’growthondemand.30.Whatdoestheunderlinedword“plummet”inParagraph3mostprobablymean?A.Rise.B.Steady.C.Drop.D.Permit.31.WhatdoestheauthorthinkofBrophy’sresearch?A.Unpractical.B.Meaningful.C.Representative.D.Comprehensive.DThedeep-seaoilandgasindustryhasvastandcostlyfacilitiestomaintain.Wells,otherequipment,andthousandsofkilometersofpipelinesmustbeinspectedandrepaired.Now,cutting-edgeunderwaterdrones(無人機)androbotsarebeingdevelopedthatcouldmaketheworksafer andcheaper.AmongthemisEelume,asix-meter-long,snake-likerobotequippedwithsensorsandacameraateachend.Itcanbekeptatastationatdepthsofuptohalfakilometerforsixmonths,withoutbeingbroughtbacktothesurface.Therobotcantravelupto20kilometersbeforeneedingtoreturntoitsstationtorecharge.Maintenanceworkatmanydeep-waterwellsandpipelinesystemsisalreadycarriedoutbyunmannedvehicles.Butthesevehiclestypicallyneedtobetransportedtotheoffshoresiteonafullycrewedshipandthenremotelyoperatedfromonboardthesurfaceship.Thatcancostupto$100,000perday,accordingtoP?lLiljeb?ck,chieftechnologyofficerwithEelumeSubseaIntervention,whichdevelopedtherobot.Liljeb?cksaysthatby“enablingtherobottobecomeasubsearesidentlivingatastation,itcanbemobilizedatanytimetodoinspections,therebyreducingtheneedforcostlysurfaceships”.Eelumecanworkautonomouslyontasksassignedfromacontrolroomonshore,andsendbackvideoanddata.Itssnake-likedesignallowsittoworkinsmallspacesandwriggle(扭動)itsbodytostayinplaceinstrongcurrents.Bystayingunderthesea,itcancarryouttaskswhatevertheconditionsonthesurfaceoftheocean.Theglobalunderwaterroboticsmarketisexpectedtobewortharound$7billionin2025,accordingtoanalysts,andothercompaniesareintheprocessofcommercializingnewdeep-seadroneandrobottechnology.EelumeSubseaInterventionwillcarryoutfinaltestingontheseabedlaterthisyearatthe?sgardoilandgasfield.Itexpectstoputitsfirstsnakerobotsintousenextyearandhopestohaveupto50inoceansaroundtheworldby2027.32.WhatisonefeatureofEelume?AItcantravelnearly40kilometersbeforerecharging.B.Itcandiveasdeepas1000meters.C.Itworksmainlyaroundthestation.D.Itworksfor6monthsononecharge.33.Whatistheproblemwithunmannedvehicles?A.Theyaretoocostlytomaintain.B.Theyarehardtooperateremotely.C.Theyrequiretransportationtoandfromwork.D.Theyhavetoworkonafullycrewedshipallthetime.34.WhatcanbeexpectedofEelumeinthefuture?A.Itwillrequirenofurthertests.B.Itwillbewortharound$7billion.CItwillbeputonthemarketin2027.D.Itwillpossiblyfacesomecompetitors.35.Whatisthemainideaofthepassage?A.Asnakerobotisonitswayforunderwatertasks. B.Eelumeisthenewchoiceforconstructingpipelines.C.Maintenanceworkontheoceanfloorisariskyjob.D.Unmannedvehiclesareperfectchoicesforoilandgasindustry.第二節(jié)(共5小題；每小題2.5分，滿分12.5分)根據(jù)短文內(nèi)容，從短文后的選項中選出能填入空白處的最佳選項。選項中有兩項為多余選項。Severalfactorscaninfluenceyourfirstimpressionofsomeone,includingtheirphysicalfeatures,voiceandspeech,surroundingenvironment,etc.Ittakestimetogettoknowpersonalcharacteristicsthatreallyconvey(傳達(dá))someone’snature.___36___Thesetipscanhelp.Stayconscious(有意識的)ofbodylanguageBodylanguagecanconveyquiteabitabouthowyoufeelinagivensituation.Afewtipstoconsider:openupyourposture(姿勢);makesomeeyecontact;andlistenintently.___37___Ifeyecontactfeelsuncomfortable,tryjustfocusingonyourposture.ShowyourinterestExpressinginterestinwhatsomeonehastosaycanhelpboostyourchancesofmakingagoodimpression.Tryathoughtfulcommentthatkeepstheconversationmovingandmakesitclearthatyou’vebeenpayingattention.___38___Peoplegenerallywanttoknowtheycantrustyou.DressfortheoccasionPreviousresearchsuggeststhatbodylanguageplaysmoreofapartinfirstimpressionsthanclothing.Butyourpersonalstylecanplayarole,too.There’snothingwrongwithexpressingyourselfthroughyourclothing.Justknowthatcertainsituationsdocallforaslightlymoreformallook.___39___Makesmalltalk___40___Butitcanoftenpayoffwhenitcomestoleavingapositiveimpression.Evensimplecomments,like“Ireallylikethisnewprofessor”or“Thosearegreatshoes”,canstartaconversationthey’llrememberlater.Whileafirstimpressioncansetthetone(基調(diào))forfutureinteractions,it’salsoworthkeepinginmindthatfirstimpressionsarelargelyunconscious.Justapproacheverynewmeetingwithkindness,compassion,andawillingnesstogrow.A.Whataboutlearningalessonfromitatpresent?B.It’salltooeasytoaccidentallysaysomethinginconsiderate.C.Andkeepanycommentsorpraiseyouofferhonestandgenuine.D.Besides,the“right”dressdoesn’talwayshavetobefancyornew,either. E.Areyouinsearchofwaystoleavethemostfavorablefirstimpressionpossible?F.Youdon’tneedtodoalloftheaboveeverytimeyou’reinteractingwithsomeone.G.Smallchatabouttheweatherorothereverydaytopicscansometimesseemboring.第三部分語言知識運用(共兩節(jié)，滿分25分)第一節(jié)(共15小題；每小題1分，滿分15分)閱讀下面短文，從短文后各題所給的A、B、C和D四個選項中，選出可以填入空白處的最佳選項。Igrewupinlibraries,oratleastitfeelsthatway.Iwas____41____insmalltownofCleveland,justafew____42____fromthepubliclibrary.Iwentthereseveraltimesaweekwithmymother.SheandIwouldwalkintogether,but____43____wepassedthroughthedoor,weeachheadedtoour____44____section.ThelibrarymighthavebeenthefirstplaceIwasevergiven____45____.EvenwhenIwasmaybefourorfiveyearsold,Iwas____46____toheadoffonmyown.Then,afterawhile,mymotherandIwouldreuniteatthecheckoutcounterwithour____47____.Togetherwe’d____48____asthelibrarianpulledoutthedatecardandstampeditwiththecheckoutmachine.WhenIwasolder,Iusuallywalkedtothelibrarybymyself,____49____backasmanybooksasIcould.Sometimes,Ididgowithmymother,andthetripwouldbeashappyasithadbeenwhenIwas____50____.WhenI____51____mymotherthesedays,sinceshediedtwoyearsago,Iliketo____52____usinthecartogether,goingforonemoreimpressivetriptoourlibrary.Myparentsvaluedbooks.Theybelievedthatyoureadabookforthe____53____ofreadingit.Youdidn’treaditinordertohavea(n)____54____thathadtobehousedandlookedafterforever.Thereadingofthebookwasajourney.Therewasnoneedfor____55____.41.A.handledB.raisedC.passedD.moved42.A.blocksB.areasC.countriesD.fields43.A.assoonasB.asmuchasC.asfarasD.aswellas44.A.limitedB.favoriteC.appointedD.energetic45.A.justiceB.prideC.freedomD.honesty46.A.forbiddenB.toleratedC.expectedD.allowed47.A.presentsB.thoughtsC.findsD.stories48.A.waitB.walkC.wonderD.wave49.A.payingB.earningC.givingD.carrying50.A.smallB.weakC.usefulD.delighted 51.A.followB.missC.cureD.guard52.A.noteB.holdC.pictureD.invite53.A.opinionB.educationC.experimentD.experience54.A.candleB.instrumentC.objectD.paper55.A.vehiclesB.souvenirsC.satisfactionD.pleasure第II卷非選擇題（50分）第二節(jié)(共10小題；每小題1分，滿分10分)閱讀下面短文，在空白處填入一個適當(dāng)?shù)膯卧~或括號內(nèi)單詞的正確形式。Verticalgardeningisn’tnew,butanexamplefromIndiashowshowthisinventivetechniqueis____56____(true)changinglives.TheMehrafamilyfromAmritsarwerelocallyhotnewslastJunewhentheyshowedofftheverticalgarden____57____theyhadcreatedattheirhome.Thefamilyusedover175,000plasticbottlestocreate____58____garden,fixingthebottlestotheoutsidewallsoftheirhomeandfillingthemwith____59____(variety)ofplants.Theplantsareirrigatedby____60____(use)asimpledripsystem(滴灌系統(tǒng))andamazingly,this____61____(lower)thetemperatureoftheirhomebynearlyacoolfivedegreesCelsiussofar.Theideacaughtonquickly.Manylocalschoolsnowhavegreenverticalgardensontheirwalls,____62____sodoesPunjabAgricultureUniversity,andevenLudhianarailwaystation,thefirststationinIndia____63____(adopt)thisinitiative.Therailwaynotesthattheplantsnotonlycoolthestation,butalsohelpabsorbthenoise,andseemtohaveacalmingandanti-litteringeffect____64____travelers.Moreover,everyverticalgardencreatedthiswayisrecyclingplasticwhichwouldotherwisebeapollutant,activelyreducinglocal____65____(pollute).第四部分寫作(共兩題，滿分40分)66.假定你是李華，你收到了你的好友Peter寄來的生日禮物。請你給他寫一封信，表示感謝。1.收到生日禮物：一本《現(xiàn)代英漢詞典》；2.向他表示感謝，作為回報，決心更努力學(xué)習(xí)；3.向他表示祝愿。注意：1.詞數(shù)100左右；2.可以適當(dāng)增加細(xì)節(jié)，以使行文連貫。參考詞：現(xiàn)代英漢詞典ModernEnglish-ChineseDictionaryDearPeter, ___________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________Yours,LiHua67.讀后續(xù)寫(滿分25分)67.閱讀下面材料，根據(jù)其內(nèi)容和所給段落開頭語續(xù)寫兩段，使之構(gòu)成一篇完整的短文。Itwasabeautifuldayforsightseeing.Wewereagroupofstudentsjustoutforsomefun.Theweatherwasperfectforapicnic,sowhenlunchtimecame,wesetoursightsonasmallpark.Sinceweallhaddifferentthingstobuy,wedecidedtogetwhateachofuswanted,andmeetbackonthegrassinafewminutes.WhenmyfriendJoyheadedforahotdogshop,Idecidedtogowithher.Wewatchedthesellerputtogethertheperfecthotdog,justthewaywewantedit.Butwhenwetookoutourmoneytopaythebill,thesellersurprisedus.“Youarethefirstcustomerstovisit,andthefirstorderisgiventoyouforfree,”hesaid.Afterwethankedhim,wejoinedourfriendsinthepark,anddugintoourfood.Butaswetalkedandate,Iwasdistracted(分心)byamansittingalonenearby,lookingatus.Icouldtellthathehadn’tshoweredfordays.Anotherhomelessperson,Ithought,likealltheothersyouseeincities.Ididn’tpaymuchmoreattentionthanthat.Afterwefinishedeating,wepackedourlunchbagsandpreparedtothrowthemaway.注意：1.續(xù)寫詞數(shù)應(yīng)為150左右；2.請按如下格式在答題卡的相應(yīng)位置作答。Suddenly,astrongvoicecamefromthathomelessperson._____________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________Joyaskedmetowaitforherforaminuteandrantothehotdogshop. _____________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________