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常用微生物學(xué)專業(yè)名詞詞匯表activeimmunity（主動(dòng)免疫）:Immunityacquiredthroughdirectstimulationoftheimmunesystembyantigen.activetransport（主動(dòng)運(yùn)輸）:Transportofmoleculesagainstaconcentrationgradient(fromregionsoflowconcentrationtoregionsofhighconcentration)withtheaidofproteinsinthecellmembraneandenergyfromATP.Alcoholfermentation（乙醇發(fā)酵）：istheformationofalcoholfromsugar.Yeast,whenunderanaerobicconditions,convertglucosetopyruvicacidviatheglycolysispathways,thengoonestepfarther,convertingpyruvicacidintoethanol,aC-2compound.aerobe（好氧微生物）:Amicroorganismthatlivesandgrowsinthepresenceoffreegaseousoxygen(O2).aflatoxin（黃曲霉毒素）:FromAspergillusflavust,amycotoxinthattypicallypoisonsmoldyanimalfeedandcancauselivercancerinhumansandotheranimals.AIDS（愛滋?。?AcquiredImmunedeficiencysyndrome.Thecomplexofsignsandsymptomscharacteristicofthelatephaseofhumanimmunodeficiencyvirus(HIV)infection.Amestest（艾姆氏實(shí)驗(yàn)）:Amethodfordetectingmutagenicandpotentiallycarcinogenic

1agentsbaseduponthegeneticalterationofnutritionallydefectivebacteriaanabolism（合成代謝）:Theenergyconsumingprocessofincorporatingnutrientsintoprotoplasmthroughbiosynthesis.anaerobe（厭氧微生物）:Amicroorganismthatgrowsbest,orexclusively,intheabsenceofoxygen.antibiotic（抗生素）:Achemicalsubstancefromonemicroorganismthatcaninhibitorkillanothermicrobeeveninminuteamounts.antibody（抗體）:Alargeproteinmoleculeevokedinresponsetoanantigenthatinteractsspecificallywiththatantigen.antigen（抗原）:Anycell,particle,orchemicalthatinducesaspecificimmuneresponsebyBcellsorTcellsandcanstimulateresistancetoaninfectionoratoxin.antigenicdeterminant（抗原決定基）:Theprecisemoleculargroupofanantigenthatdefinesitsspecificityandtriggerstheimmuneresponse.antimetabolite（抗代謝物）:Asubstancesuchasadrugthatcompeteswith,substitutesfor,orinterfereswithanormalmetabolite.

2antiseptic（防腐劑）：Agrowth-inhibitingagentusedontissuestopreventinfection.antiserum（抗血清）：Antibody-richserumderivedfromthebloodofanimals(deliberatelyimmunizedagainstinfectiousortoxicantigen)orfrompeoplewhohaverecoveredfromspecificnfections.antitoxin（抗毒素）：Globulinfractionofserumthatneutralizesaspecifictoxin.Alsoreferstothespecificantitoxinantibodyitself.arthrospore（節(jié)孢子）：Afungalsporeformedbytheseptationfragmentationofhyphae.ascospore（子囊）：Asporeformedwithinasaclikecell(ascus)ofAscomycotafollowingnuclearfusionandmeiosis.asepsis（無菌）：Aconditionfreeofviablepathogenicmicroorganisms.autoantibody（自身抗體）：An"anti-selfantibodyhavinganffinityfortissueantigensofthesubjectinwhichitisformed.autoantigen（自身抗原）：Moleculesthatareinherentlypartofselfbutareperceivedbytheimmunesystemasforeign

3autoimmunedisease（自身免疫疾病）：Thepathologicconditionarisingfromtheproductionofantibodiesagainstautoantigens.Example:rheumatoidarthritis.Alsocalledautoimmunitybacteriophage（噬菌體）：Avirusthatspecificallyinfectsbacteria.bacteriostatic（抑菌）：Anyprocessoragentthatinhibitsbacterialgrowth.binaryfission（二分裂）：Theformationoftwonewcellsofapproximatelyequalsizeastheresultofparentcelldivision.Blymphocyte(Bcell)：Awhitebloodcellthatgivesrisetoplasmacellsandantibodies.broadspectrum（廣譜）：Awordtodenotedrugsthataffectmanydifferenttypesofbacteria,bothgram-positiveandgram-negative.Capsid（衣殼）：Theproteincoveringofavirus'snucleicacidcore.Capsidsexhibitsymmetryduetotheregulararrangementofsubunitscalledcapsomers.capsomer（衣殼粒）：Asubunitoftheviruscapsidshapedasatriangleordisc.capsule（莢膜）：Inbacteria,theloose,gel-likecoveringorslimemadechieflyofsimple

4polysaccharides.Thislayerisprotectiveandcanbeassociatedwithvirulence.Catabolism（分解代謝）：Thechemicalbreakdownofcomplexcompoundsintosimplerunitstobeusedincellmetabolism.cell-mediatedimmune（細(xì)胞介導(dǎo)免疫）：ThetypeofimmuneresponsesbroughtaboutbyTcells,suchascytotoxic,suppressor,andhelpereffects.chemoautotroph（化能自養(yǎng)菌）：Anorganismthatreliesuponinorganicchemicalsforitsenergyandcarbondioxideforitscarbon.Alsocalledachemolithotraphchemotaxis（趨化性）：Thetendencyoforganismstomoveinresponsetoachemicalgradient(towardanattractantortoavoidadversestimuli).Chemotherapy（化學(xué)治療劑）：Theuseofchemicalsubstancesordrugstotreatorpreventdisease.Chitin（幾丁質(zhì)）：Apolysaccharidesimilartocelluloseinchemicalstructure.Thispolymermakesupthehomysubstanceoftheexoskeletonsofarthropodsandcertainfungicomplement（補(bǔ)體）：Inimmunology,serumproteincomponentshatactinadefinitesequencewhensetinmotioneitherbyanantigen-antibodycomplexorbyfactorsofthealternative

5(properdin)pathway.Conldia（分生孢子）：Asexualfungalsporesshedasfreeunitsfromthetipsoffertilehyphae.Conjugation（接合）：Inbacteria,thecontactbetweendonorandrecipientcellsassociatedwiththetransferofgeneticmaterialsuchasplasmids.Caninvolvespecial(sex)pili.Alsoaformofsexualrecombinationinciliatedprotozoans.Colony(菌落)：Amacroscopicclusterofcellsappearingonasolidmedium,eacharisingfromthemultiplicationofasinglecell.Contaminant（污染物）：Animpurity;anyundesirablematerialororganism.Culture（培養(yǎng)物）：Thevisibleaccumulationofmicroorganismsinoronanutrientmedium.Also,thepropagationofmicroorganismswithvariousmedia.curddifferentialmedium（鑒別培養(yǎng)基）：Asinglesubstratethatdiscriminatesbetweengroupsofmicroorganismsonthebasisofdifferencesintheirappearanceduetodifferentchemicalreactions.differentialstain（鑒別染色）：Atechniquethatutilizestwodyestodistinguishbetweendifferentmicrobialgroupsorcellpartsbycolorreaction.

6Disinfection（消毒）：Thedestructionofpathogenicnonsporulatingmicrobesortheirtoxins,usuallyoninanimatesurfaces.ELISA（酶聯(lián)免疫）：Abbreviationforenzyme-linkedimmunosorbentassay,averysensitiveserologicaltestusedtodetectantibodiesindiseasessuchasAIDS。endospore（芽孢）：Asmall,dormant,resistantderivativeofabacterialcellthatgerminatesunderfavorablegrowthconditionsintoavegetativecell.ThebacterialgeneraBacillusandClostridiimaretypicalsporeformers.endotoxin（內(nèi)毒素）：Abacterialintracellulartoxinthatisnotordinarilyreleased(asisexotoxin).Endotoxiniscomposedofaphospholipid-polysaccharidecomplexthatisanintegralpartofgram-negativebacterialcellwalls.Endotoxinscancausesevereshockandfever.enrichedmedium（加富培養(yǎng)基）：Anutrientmediumsupplementedwithblood,serum,orsomegrowthfactortopromotethemultiplicationoffastidiousmicroorganisms.envelopedvirus（包膜病毒）：Aviruswhosenucleocapsidisenclosedbyamembranederivedinpartfromthehostcell.Itusuallycontainsexposedglycoproteinspikesspecificforthevirus.essentialnutrient（必須營(yíng)養(yǎng)）：Anyingredientsuchasacertainaminoacid,fattyacid,vitamin,ormineralthatcannotbeformedbyanorganismandmustbesuppliedinthediet.Agrowthfactor.eucaryoticcell（真核細(xì)胞）：Acellthatdiffersfromaprocaryoticcellchieflybyhavinga

7nuclearmembrane(awell-definednucleus),membrane-boundsubcellularorgandies,andmitoticcelldivision.Exotoxin（外毒素）：Atoxin(usuallyprotein)thatissecretedandactsuponaspecificcellulartarget.Examples:botulin,tetanospasmin,diphtheriatoxin,anderythrogenictoxin.Facultative（兼性的）：Pertainingtothecapacityofmicrobestoadaptoradjusttovariations;notobligate.Example:Thepresenceofoxygenisnotobligatoryforafacultativeanaerobetogrow.Fermentation（發(fā)酵）：Theextractionofenergythroughanaerobicdegradationofsubstratesintosimpler,reducedmetabolites.Inlargeindustrialprocesses,fermentationcanmeananyuseofmicrobialmetabolismtomanufactureorganicchemicalsorotherproducts.Flagellum（鞭毛）--Hair-likestructureattachedtoacell,usedforlocomotioninmanyprotistsandprokaryotes.Theprokaryoticflagellumdiffersfromtheeukaryoticflagelluminthattheprokaryoticflagellumisasolidunitcomposedprimarilyoftheproteinflagellin,whiletheeukaryoticflagellumiscomposedofseveralproteinstrandsboundbyamembrane,anddoesnotcontainflagellin.Theeukaryoticflagellumissometimesreferredtoasanundulipodium.Genotype（表型）：Thegenotypeisultimatelyresponsibleforanorganism'sphototype,orexpressedcharacteristics.

8Glycolysis（糖酵解）：Theenergy-yieldingbreakdown(fermentation)ofglucosetopyruvicorlacticacid.Itisoftencalledanaerobicglycolysisbecausenomolecularoxygenisconsumedinthedegradation.Gramstain（革蘭氏染色）：Adifferentialstainforbacteriausefulinidentificationandtaxonomy.Gram-positiveorganismsappearpurplefromcrystalviolet-mordantretention;whereasgram-negativeorganismsappearredafterlossofcrystalvioletandabsorbanceofthesafranincounterstain.Granulocyte（粒細(xì)胞）：AmatureleukocytethatcontainsnoticeabtegranulesinaWrightstain.Examples:neutrophils,eoainophils,andbasophils.growthfactor（生長(zhǎng)因子）：Anorganiccompoundsuchasavitaminoraminoacidthatmustbeprovidedinthediettofacilitategrowth.Anessentialnutrient.Halophlle（嗜鹽菌）：Amicrobewhosegrowthiseitherstimulatedbysaltorrequiresahighconcentrationofsaltforgrowth.Hantigen（H-抗原）：Theflagellarantigenofmotilebacteria.HcomesfromtheGermanwordhauchthatdenotestheappearanceofspeadinggrowthonsolid.

9helperTcell（輔助T-細(xì)胞）：Aclassofthymus-atimulatedlymphocytesthatfacilitatevariousimmuneactivitiessuchasassistingBcellsandmacrophages.AlsocalledaThelpercell.Heterotroph（異養(yǎng)菌）：Anorganismthatreliesuponorganiccompoundsforitscarbonandenergyneeds.Immunity（免疫）：Anacquiredresistancetoaninfectiousagentduetopriorcontactwiththatagent.immunogen（免疫原）：Anysubstancethatinducesastateofsensitivityorresistanceafterprocessingbytheimmunesystemofthebody.immunesystem（免疫系統(tǒng)）：Oneoftheelevenmajorbodyorgansystemsinvertebrates;defendstheinternalenvironmentagainstinvadingmicroorganismsandvirusesandprovidesdefenseagainstthegrowthofcancercells.immunoglobulin（免疫球蛋白）：Thechemicalclassofproteinstowhichantibodiesbelong.Inclusion（內(nèi)含物）：Arelativelyinertbodyinthecytoplasmsuchasstoragegranules,glycogen,fat,orsomeotheraggregatedmetabolicproduct.Infection（感染）：Theentry,establishment,andmultiplicationofpathogenicorganismswithin

10ahost.infectiousdisease（感染性疾?。篢hestateofdamageortoxicityinthebodycausedbyaninfectiousagent.Inflammation（發(fā)炎）：Anatural,nonspecificresponsetotissueinjurythatprotectsthehostfromfurtherdamage.Itstimulatesimmunereactivityandblocksthespreadofaninfectiousagent.Inoculation（接種）：Theimplantationofmicroorganismsintooruponculturemedia.Interferon（干擾素）：Naturallyoccurringpolypeptidesproducedbyfibroblastsandlymphocytesthatcanblockviralreplicationandregulateavarietyofimmunereactions.Isolation（分離）：Theseparationofmicrobialcellsbyserialdilutionormechanicaldispersiononsolidmediatoachieveacloneorpureculture.Latency（潛伏）：Thestateofbeinginactive.Example:alatentvirusorlatentinfection.Lform（L-型菌）：L-phasevariants;wall-lessformsofsomebacteriathatareinducedbydrugsorchemicals.

11Lipopolysaccharide（脂多糖，LPS）：Amolecularcomplexoflipidandcarbohydratefoundinthebacterialcellwall.Thelipopolysaccharide(LPS)ofgram-negativebacteriaisanendotoxinwithgeneralizedpathologiceffectssuchasfeverLysis（溶解）：Thephysicalruptureordeteriorationofacell.Lysogeny（溶原性）：TheindefinitepersistenceofbacteriophageDNAinahostwithoutbringingabouttheproductionofvirions.Alysogeniccellcanreverttoalyticcycle,theprocessthatendsinlysis.lysosome（溶酶體）：Acytoplasmicorganellecontaininglysozymeandotherhydrolyticenzymes.lysozyme（溶菌酶）：Anenzymethatattacksthebondsonbacterialpeptidoglycan.Itisanaturaldefensefoundintearsandsaliva.macrophageAwhilebloodcellderivedfromamonocytethatleavesthecirculationandenterstissues.Thesecellsareimportantinnonspecificmixedculture（混合培養(yǎng)）：Acontainergrowingtwoormoredifferent,knownspeciesofmicrobes.monoclonalantibody（單克隆抗體）：Anantibodyproducedbyacloneoflymphocytesthatrespondtoaparticularantigenicdeterminantandgenerateidenticalantibodiesonlytothat

12determinant.Monocyte（單核細(xì)胞）：Alargemononuclearleukocytenormallyfoundinthelymphnodes,spleen,bonemarrow,andlooseconnectivetissue.Thistypeofcellmakesup3%to7%ofcirculatingleukocytes.Mutagen（誘變劑）：Anyagentthatinducesgeneticmutation.Examples:certainchemicalsubstances,ultraviolet，light,radioactivity.Mutation（突變）：ApermanentinheritablealterationintheDNAsequenceorcontentofacell.Mycelium（菌絲體）：Thefilamentousmassthatmakesupamold.Composedofhyphae.narrowspectrum（窄譜）：Denotesdrugsthatareselectiveandlimitedintheireffects.Forexample,theyinhibiteithergram-negativeorgram-positivebacteria,butnotboth.negativestain（負(fù)染色）：Astainingtechniquethatrendersthebackgroundopaqueorcoloredandleavestheobjectunstainedsothatitisoutlinedasacolorlessareanitrogenfixation（固氮）：AprocessoccurringincertainbacteriainwhichatmosphericNagasisconvertedtoaform(NH^usablebyplants.Nucleocapsid（核衣殼）：Inviruses,theclosephysicalcombinationofthenucleicacidwithits

13protectivecovering.Nucleoid（擬核）：Thebasophilicnuclearregionornuclearbodythatcontainsthebacterialchromosome.Nutrient（營(yíng)養(yǎng)物質(zhì)）：Anychemicalsubstancethatmustbeprovidedtoacellfornormalmetabolismandgrowth.Macronutrientsarerequiredinlargeamounts,andmicronutrientsinsmallamounts.Obligate（專性的）：Withoutalternative;restrictedtoaparticularcharacteristic.Example:Anobligateparasitesurvivesandgrowsonlyinahost;anobligateaerobemusthaveoxygentogrow;anobligateanaerobeisdestroyedbyoxygen.Parasite（寄生）：Anorganismthatlivesonorwithinanotherorganism(thehost),fromwhichitobtainsnutrientsandenjoysprotection.Theparasiteproducessomedegreeofharminthehostindirectlybydonationofpreformedimmunesubstances(antibodies)producedinthebodyofanotherIndividual.Pasteurization（巴斯德消毒）：Heattreatmentofperishablefluidssuchasmilk,fruitjuices,orwinetodestroyheat-sensitivevegetativecells,followedbyrapidchillingtoinhibitgrowthofsurvivorsandgerminationofspores.Itpreventsinfectionandspoilage.

14Pathogen（病原體）：Anyagent,usuallyavirus,bacterium,fungus,protozoan,orhelminth,thatcausesdisease.Saprophytes(腐生型)Organismsthatobtaintheirnutrientsfromdecayingplantsandanimals.Saprophytesareimportantinrecyclingorganicmaterial.Pathogenidty（致病性）：Thecapacityofmicrobestocausedisease.Pathology（病原學(xué)）：Thestructuralandphysiologicaleffectsofdiseaseonthebody.passivetransport（被動(dòng)擴(kuò)散）Diffusionacrossaplasmamembraneinwhichthecellexpendsnoenergy.Penicillins（青霉素）：Alargegroupofnaturallyoccurringandsyntheticantibioticsproducedbypenicilliummoldandactiveagainstthecellwallofbacteria.Peptidoglycan(肽聚糖)：Anetworkofpolysaccharidechainscross-linkedbyshortpeptidesthatformstherigidpartofbacterialcellwalls.Gram-negativebacteriahaveasmalleramountofthisrigidstructurethandogram-positivebacteria.Plasmids（質(zhì)粒）Self-replicating,circularDNAmoleculesfoundinbacterialcells;oftenusedasvectorsinrecombinantDNAtechnology.Smallcirclesofdouble-strandedDNAfoundinsome

15bacteria.Plasmidscancarryfromfourto20genes.PlasmidsareacommonlyusedvectorinrecombinantDNAstudies.periplasmicspace（周質(zhì)空間）：Theregionbetweenthecellwallandcellmembraneofthecellenvelopesofgram-negativebacteria.Phage（噬菌體）：Abacteriophage;avirusthatspecificallyparasitizesbacteria.Phenotype（表型）：Theobservablecharacteristicsofanorganismproducedbytheinteractionbetweenitsgeneticpotential(genotype)andtheenvironment.Photoautotroph（光能自養(yǎng)菌）：Anorganismthatutilizeslightfailsenergyandcarbondioxidechieflyforits'carbonneeds.Pilus（性絲）Projectionfromsurfaceofabacterialcell(F+)thatcandonategeneticmaterialtoanother(F-).prokaryotecell（原核細(xì)胞）：Asmall,simplecelllackingatruenucleus,anuclearenvelope,andmembrane-enclosedorganellesprophage（前噬菌體）：Alysogenizedbacteriophage;aphagethatislatentlyincorporatedintothehostchromosomeinsteadofundergoing,viralreplicationandlysis.prophylacticAnydevice,

16method,orsubstanceusedtopreventdisease.Protoplast（原生質(zhì)體）：Abacterialcellwhosecellwalliscompletelykickingandthatisvulnerabletoosmoticlysis.Pseudohypha（假菌絲）：Achainofeasilyseparated,sphericaltosausage-shapedyeastcellspartitionedbyconstrictionsratherthanbysepta.Psychrophile（嗜冷菌）：Amicroorganismthatthrivesatlowtemperature(0°-20°C),withatemperatureoptimumof0°-15°C.respiratorychain（呼吸鏈）：Incellularrespiration,aseriesofelectron-carryingmoleculesthattransfersenergy-richelectronsandprotonstomolecularoxygen.Intransit,energyisextractedandconservedintheformofATP.reversetranscriptase（逆轉(zhuǎn)錄酶）：TheenzymepossessedbyretrovirusesthatcarriesoutthereversionofRNAtoDNA—aformofreversetranscription.SCP（單細(xì)胞蛋白）：Abbreviationforsingle-cellprotein,aeuphemisticexpressionformicrobialproteinintendedforhumanandanimalconsumption..selectivemedia（選擇培養(yǎng)基）：Nutrientmediadesignedtofavorthegrowthofcertain

17microbesandtoinhibit.Serotyping（血清型）：Thesubdivisionofaspeciesorsubspeciesintoanimmunologictype,baseduponantigeniccharacteristics.sexualreproduction（有性繁殖）Asystemofreproductioninwhichtwohaploidsexcellsfusetoproduceadiploidzygote.Spheroplast（球形體）：Agram-negativecellwhosepeptidoglycan,whendigestedbylysozyme,remainsintactbutisosmoticallyvulnerablespike（刺突）：Areceptoronthesurfaceofcertainenvelopedvirusesthatfacilitatesspecificattachmenttothehostcell.Spirillum（螺菌）：Atypeofbacterialcellwitharigidspiralshapeandexternalflagella.Spirochete（螺旋體）：Acoiled,spiral-shapedbacteriumthathasendoflagellaandflexesasitmoves.Sporangium（孢囊）：Afungalcellinwhichasexualsporesareformedbymultiplecellcleavage.Sterilization（滅菌）：Anyprocessthatcompletelyremovesordestroysallviable

18microorganisms,includingviruses,fromanobjectorhabitat.Materialsotreatedissterile.Strain（菌株）：Inmicrobiology,asetofdescendantsclonedfromacommonancestorthatretaintheoriginalcharacteristics.Anydeviationfromtheoriginalisadifferentstrain.subcellularvaccine（亞單位疫苗）：Avaccineagainstisolatedmicrobialantigensratherthanagainsttheentireorganism.superoxideion（超氧離子）：AtoxicradicalformoxygenmetabolismsuppressorTcell（抑制T細(xì)胞）：AclassofTcellsthatinhibitstheactionsofBcellsandotherTcells.temperatephage（溫和噬菌體）：Abacteriophagethatentersintoalessvirulentstatebybecomingincorporatedintothehostgenomeasaprophageinsteadofinthevegetativeorlyticformthateventuallydestroysthecell.thermaldeathpoint（致死溫度）：Thelowesttemperaturethatachievessterilizationinagivenquantityofbrothcultureupona10-minuteexposure.Examples:55°CforEscherichiacoil.60°CforMycobaaeriumtuberculosis,and120°Cforspores.

19thermaldeathtime(熱致死時(shí)間)：Theleasttimerequiredtokillallcellsofacultureataspecifiedtemperature.Therrnophlle（嗜熱菌）：Amicroorganismthatthrivesatatemperatureof50°Corhigher.Tlymphocyte(Tcell)：Awhitebloodcellthatisprocessedinthethymusglandandisinvolvedincell-mediatedimmunity.Toxoid（類毒素）：Atoxinthathasbeenrenderednontoxicbutisstillcapableofelicitingtheformationofprotectiveantitoxinantibodies;usedinvaccines.Transduction（轉(zhuǎn)導(dǎo)）：Thetransferofgeneticmaterialfromonebacteriumtoanotherbymeansofabacteriophagevector.Transformation（轉(zhuǎn)化）：Inmicrobialgenetics,thetransferofgeneticmaterialcontainedin"naked"DNAfragmentsfromadonorcelltoacompetentrecipientcell.Transposon（轉(zhuǎn)座）：ADNAsegmentwithaninsertionsequenceateachend,enablingittomigratetoanotherplasmid,tothebacterialchromosome,ortoabacteriophage.Vaccine（免疫法）：Originallyusedinreferencetoinoculationwiththecowpoxorvacciniavirus

20toprotectagainstsmallpox.Ingeneral,thetermnowpertainstoinjectionofwholemicrobes(killedorattenuated),toxoids,orpartsofmicrobesasapreventionorcurefordisease.Virold（類病毒）：Aninfectiousagentthat,unlikeavirion,lacksacapsidandconsistsofaclosedcircularRNAmolecule.Althoughknownviroidsareallplantpathogens,itisconceivablethatanimalversionsexist.Zygospore（接合孢子）：Athick-walledsexualsporeproducedbythezygomycetefungi.Itdevelopsfromtheunionoftwohyphae,eachbearingnucleiofoppositematingtypes.