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1、ThePharmaceuticalUseofPermethrin:SourcesandBehaviorDuringMunicipalSewageTreatmentAbstract??Permethrinentereduseinthe1970sasaninsecticideinawiderangeofapplications,includingagriculture,horticultural,andforestry,andhassincebeenrestricted.Inthe21stcentury,thepresenceof

2、permethrinintheaquaticenvironmenthasbeenattributedtoitsuseasahumanandveterinarypharmaceutical,inparticularasapedeculicide,inadditiontootheruses,suchasamoth-proofingagent.However,asaconsequenceofitstoxicitytofish,sourcesofpermethrinanditsfateandbehaviorduringwastewat

3、ertreatmentaretopicsofconcern.Thisstudyhasestablishedthathighoverallremovalofpermethrin(approximately90%)wasachievedduringwastewatertreatmentandthatthiswasstronglydependentontheextentofbiologicaldegradationinsecondarytreatment,withmorelimitedsubsequentremovalinterti

4、arytreatmentprocesses.Sourcesofpermethrininthecatchmentmatchedwellwithmeasuredvaluesincrudesewageandindicatedthatdomesticuseaccountedformorethanhalfoftheloadtothetreatmentworks.However,removalmaynotbeconsistentenoughtoachievetheenvironmentalqualitystandardsnowbeingd

5、erivedinmanycountriesevenwheretertiarytreatmentprocessesareapplied.Aplethoraofanthropogenicorganicmicropollutantshavebeendischargedtosewersformanyyearsfrombothindustrialanddomesticsourcesandsurfacerun-offwherecombinedsewersexist.Someoftheseorganicmicropollutantsarea

6、causeforconcernbecauseoftheirpotentialdetrimentalimpactsonhumanhealthshouldtheyenterthefoodchainorwatersupply,butsuchoccurrencesareveryrare,andregulationsafeguardshumanhealth.However,manyofthesecompoundscanhaveenvironmentalimpacts:Someareacutelytoxic,whilstothersact

7、bymorecomplexmechanisms,suchasendocrinedisruption.Manyofthesechemicalsareinsecticides,herbicides,solvents,pharmaceuticals,orplasticisers,althoughnumerousothergenericchemicalgroupscontributecompoundsofpotentialconcern.Forsomeofthesecompoundstheirenvironmentalimpactsa

8、rewellestablishedandtheyareincludedonvariouslists.Thesecompoundsarecategorizedasincludingpharmaceuticalsandendocrine-disruptingchemicals.S