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1、十五AssetValuation:DebtInvestments:AnalysisandValuation1.A:IntroductiontotheValuationofFixedIncomeSecuritiesa:Describethefundamentalprinciplesofbondvaluation.Bondinvestorsarebasicallyentitledtotwodistincttypesofcashflows:1)theperiodicreceiptofcouponincomeoverthelifeofthebond,and2)therecoveryofprinc

2、ipal(parvalue)attheendofthebond'slife.Thus,invaluingabond,you'redealingwithanannuityofcouponpayments,plusalargesinglecashflow,asrepresentedbytherecoveryofprincipalatmaturity,orwhenthebondisretired.Thesecashflows,alongwiththerequiredrateofreturnontheinvestment,arethenusedinapresentvaluebasedbondmo

3、deltofindthedollarpriceofabond.b:Explainthethreestepsinthevaluationprocess.Thevalueofanyfinancialassetcanbedeterminedasthesumoftheasset’sdiscountedcashflows.Therearethreesteps:·Estimatethecashflows.·Determinetheappropriatediscountrate.·Calculatethesumofpresentvaluesoftheestimatedcashflows.c:Expla

4、inwhatismeantbyabond'scashflow.ThisLOSisverystraightforward.Abond'scashflowisthecouponorprincipalvalue.Foranoption-freebond(meaningthatthebondisnotcallable,putable,convertible,etc.),theexpectedcashflowstructureisshownonthetimelinebelow.Wherem=maturity,par,orfacevalue(usually$1,000,￡1,000,etcetera

5、),CPN=(maturityvalue*statedcouponrate)/#couponsperyear,andN=#ofyearstomaturity*#couponsperyear.So,foranarbitrarydiscountratei,thebond’svalueis:Bondvalue=CPN1+CPN2+...+CPNn*m+M(l+i/m)1(1+i/m)2(l+i/m)n*mWhere:i=interestrateperannum(yieldtomaturityorYTM),m=numberofcouponsperyear,andn=numberofyearsto

6、maturity.d:Discussthediffultiesofestimatingtheexpectedcashflowsforsometypesofbondsandidentifythebondsforwhichestimatingtheexpectedcashflowsisdifficult.Normally,estimatingthecashflowstreamofahigh-qualityoption-freebondisrelativelystraightforward,astheamountandtimingofthecouponsandprincipalpayments

7、areknownwithahighdegreeofcertainty.Removethatcertainty,anddifficultieswillariseinestimatingthecashflowstreamofabond.Asidefromnormalcreditrisks,thefollowingthreeconditionscouldleadtodifficultiesinforecastingthefuturecas