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1、OnTheirOwnTermsOnTheirOwnTermsScienceinChina,1550–1900BenjaminA.ElmanHarvardUniversityPressCambridge,Massachusetts,andLondon,England2005Copyright?2005bythePresidentandFellowsofHarvardCollegeAllrightsreserved.PrintedintheUnitedStatesofAmericaLibraryofCongressCataloging-

2、in-PublicationDataElman,BenjaminA.,1946–Ontheirownterms:scienceinChina,1550–1900/BenjaminA.Elman.p.cm.Includesbibliographicalreferencesandindex.ISBN0-674-01685-8(alk.paper)1.Science—China—History—16thcentury.2.Science—China—History—17thcentury.3.Science—China—History—1

3、8thcentury.4.Science—China—History—19thcentury.I.Title.Q127.C5E382005509'.51—dc222004059654ForSusanNaquinandNathanSivinandinmemoryofmymother,RachelElmanContentsListofMaps,Illustrations,andTablesxiChineseDynastiesxvAbbreviationsxixPrefacexxiIIntroduction1Prologue3Findin

4、gtheCorrectConceptualGrid4WhatShouldBetheLiteratiTheoryofKnowledge?5LateMingClassicismintheContextofCommercialExpansion9PrintingTechnologyandPublishing16NaturalizationofAnomaliesinMingChinaandEarlyModernEurope201.MingClassi?cationontheEveofJesuitContact24OrderingThings

5、throughNames24CollectingtheCollectors34LateMingStatecraft,Mathematics,andChristianity53CollectingThingsinTexts57IINaturalStudiesandtheJesuits612.TheLateMingCalendarCrisisandGregorianReform63DevelopmentoftheMingAstro-calendricBureau65EvolutionoftheLateMingCalendarCrisis

6、73GregorianReform80JesuitsandLateMingCalendarReform843.Sino-JesuitAccommodationsDuringtheSeventeenthCentury107EuropeanScientiaandNaturalStudiesinMing-QingChina107viiiContentsLiteratiAttacksonCalendarReformintheEarlyQing133FerdinandVerbiestandtheKangxiEmperor1444.TheLim

7、itsofWesternLearningintheEarlyEighteenthCentury150TheKangxiEmperorandMeiWending150TheRitesControversyandItsLegacy160FrenchJesuitsintheKangxiCourt169TheNewtonianCenturyandtheLimitsofScienti?cTransmissiontoChina1835.TheJesuitRoleasExpertsinHighQingCartographyandTechnolog

8、y190MensurationandCartographyintheEighteenthCentury191Cartography,Sino-RussianRelations,andQingImperialInterests200Th