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1、Commonabbreviations(seealsoIndex)ACLAssociationofComputationalLinguisticsAIartificialintelligenceALPACAutomaticLanguageProcessingAdvisoryCommitteeCECCommissionoftheEuropeanCommunitiesCETACentred’EtudespourlaTraductionAutomatique(Grenoble)CRDSDCurrentResearchandDevelopmentinScientificDocum

2、entationELTElectro-TechnicalLaboratory(Tokyo)EURATOMEuropeanAtomicEnergyAuthorityGETAGrouped’EtudespourlaTraductionAutomatique(Grenoble)IBMInternationalBusinessMachinesILinterlingua,intermediarylanguageITMVTInstituteofPrecisionMechanicsandComputerTechnology(Moscow)LMLanguageMonthlyLRCLing

3、uisticsResearchCenter(Texas)MIANSteklovMathematicalInstituteoftheUSSRAcademyofSciences(Moscow)MITMassachusettsInstituteofTechnologyMTmachinetranslationMTMechanicalTranslationNBSNationalBureauofStandardsNPnounphraseNPLNationalPhysicalLaboratory(Teddington,Middlesex)NSFNationalScienceFounda

4、tionOCRopticalcharacterrecognitionPPprepositionalphraseRADCRomeAirDevelopmentCenterSLsourcelanguageTATraductionAutomatiqueTAUMTraductionAutomatiquedeL’UniversitédeMontréalTLtargetlanguageUCLAUniversityofCaliforniaatLosAngelesUMISTUniversityofManchesterInstituteofScienceandTechnologyUSAFUn

5、itedStatesAirForceVPverbphrasePrefaceWhenthefirstcomputersappearedattheendoftheSecondWorldWar,thereweregreathopesofthepotentialbenefitswhichtheimaginedpowersofthese‘electronicbrains’mightbring.Onewastheprospectoftranslatinglanguages,tobreakdowncommunicationbarriersandtofurtherthecauseofin

6、ternationalpeace.Atfirstcomputertechnologywasinadequate,butfromthemid-1950sresearchonmachinetranslationwasvigorouslypursuedinmanycountries,notleastintheSovietUnionandintheUnitedStates.Earlyexpectationswerehowevernotfulfilled,awarenessofthelinguisticandcomputationalcomplexitiesgrewsteadily

7、,manyresearchersbecamedisillusioned,andbythemid-1960smachinetranslationwasindisrepute;areportforUSsponsorsresultedindrasticreductionsoffundingandUSresearchcamevirtuallytoanend.Machinetranslationwasnowwidelyregardedasa‘failed’ideal—animagewhichithasretainedinmanyquar