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1、EffectiveC++byScottMeyersBacktoDedicationContinuetoAcknowledgmentsPrefaceThisbookisadirectoutgrowthofmyexperiencesteachingC++toprofessionalprogrammers.I'vefoundthatmoststudents,afteraweekofintensiveinstruction,feelcomfortablewiththebasicconstructsofthelanguage,butthe

2、ytendtobelesssanguineabouttheirabilitytoputtheconstructstogetherinaneffectivemanner.Thusbeganmyattempttoformulateshort,specific,easy-to-rememberguidelinesforeffectivesoftwaredevelopmentinC++:asummaryofthethingsexperiencedC++programmersalmostalwaysdooralmostalwaysavoi

3、ddoing.Iwasoriginallyinterestedinrulesthatcouldbeenforcedbysomekindoflint-likeprogram.Tothatend,IledresearchintothedevelopmentoftoolstoexamineC++sourcecodeforviolationsofuser-specifiedconditions.1Unfortunately,theresearchendedbeforeacompleteprototypecouldbedeveloped.

4、Fortunately,severalcommercialC++-checkingproductsarenowavailable.(You'llfindanoverviewofsuchproductsinthearticleonstaticanalysistoolsbymeandMartinKlaus.)Thoughmyinitialinterestwasinprogrammingrulesthatcouldbeautomaticallyenforced,Isoonrealizedthelimitationsofthatappr

5、oach.ThemajorityofguidelinesusedbygoodC++programmersaretoodifficulttoformalizeorhavetoomanyimportantexceptionstobeblindlyenforcedbyaprogram.Iwasthusledtothenotionofsomethinglessprecisethanacomputerprogram,butstillmorefocusedandto-the-pointthanageneralC++textbook.Ther

6、esultyounowholdinyourhands:abookcontaining50specificsuggestionsonhowtoimproveyourC++programsanddesigns.Inthisbook,you'llfindadviceonwhatyoushoulddo,andwhy,andwhatyoushouldnotdo,andwhynot.Fundamentally,ofcourse,thewhysaremoreimportantthanthewhats,butit'salotmoreconven

7、ienttorefertoalistofguidelinesthantomemorizeatextbookortwo.UnlikemostbooksonC++,mypresentationhereisnotorganizedaroundparticularlanguagefeatures.Thatis,Idon'ttalkaboutconstructorsinoneplace,aboutvirtualfunctionsinanother,aboutinheritanceinathird,etc.Instead,eachdiscu

8、ssioninthebookistailoredtotheguidelineitaccompanies,andmycoverageofthevariousaspectsofaparticularlanguagefeaturemaybedispersedthrou