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1、PHYSICSPROJECTMahmoudSaad-Section:3MEDICALAPPLICATIONSOFFIBER-OPTICS:OpticalfiberseesgrowthasmedicalsensorsTheintrinsicphysicalcharacteristicsofopticalfibercombinedwithitsversatilityinremotesensingmakeitanattractivetechnologyforbiomedicalapplications.ALEXISMENDEZWi

2、thaglobalpopulationthat'sbothgrowingandlivinglonger,theworld'shealthcareprovidersareincreasinglylookingtoadvancedbiomedicalinstrumentationtoenablemoreefficientpatientdiagnosis,monitoring,andtreatment.Inthiscontext,?biomedicalsensing?applicationsofopticalfiberareofg

3、rowingimportance.Atthesametime,recentadvancesinminimallyinvasivesurgery(MIS)demandsmallerdisposablesensingcatheters.Endoscopicimaging?applicationsoffiber-opticsarewellestablished,buttheintrinsicphysicalcharacteristicsofopticalfibersalsomakethemextremelyattractivefo

4、rbiomedicalsensing.Uncabledfibers(typicallylessthan250μmdiameter)canbeinserteddirectlyintohypodermicneedlesandcatheters,sothattheirusecanbebothminimallyinvasiveandhighlylocalized—andfiber-opticsensors(FOS)madewiththemcanperformremotemultipointandmultiparametersensi

5、ng.Opticalfibersareimmunetoelectromagneticinterference(EMI),chemicallyinert,nontoxic,andintrinsicallysafe.Theirusewillnotcauseinterferencewiththeconventionalelectronicsfoundinmedicaltheaters.And,mostimportantly,theimmunityoffiberstoelectromagneticandradiofrequency(

6、RF)signalsmakesthemidealforreal-timeuseduringdiagnosticimagingwithMRI,CT,PET,orSPECTsystems,aswellasduringthermalablativetreatmentsinvolvingRFormicrowaveradiation.FIGURE1.?Therearetwobasictypesofopticalfibersensors.Extrinsicdevices(a)relayonatransducer,whereasintri

7、nsicdevices(b)donot.Fiber-opticbiomedicalsensorsOpticalfibersensorscomprisealightsource,opticalfiber,externaltransducer,andphotodetector.Theysensebydetectingthemodulationofoneormoreofthepropertiesoflightthatisguidedinsidethefiber—intensity,wavelength,orpolarization

8、,forinstance.Themodulationisproducedinadirectandrepeatablefashionbyanexternalperturbationcausedbythephysicalparametertobemeasured.Themeasurandofi