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1、大學(xué)物理量子物理QUANTUMPHYSICS量子力學(xué)的建立經(jīng)典物理（-1900年）德布洛意物質(zhì)波海森伯矩陣力學(xué)薛定格波動力學(xué)狄拉克量子力學(xué)量子力學(xué)（1923-1927年）普朗克能量量子化愛因斯坦光量子論玻爾量子論舊量子論（1900-1913年）量子力學(xué)的問題和應(yīng)用birthdayofquantummechanicsMaxPlanck(1858-1947)NobelPrize191814December1900Planck(age42)suggeststhatradiationisquantizedE=

2、hnh=6.626x10-34J?s1897Thompson(age41)NobelPrize1906measurestheelectron"plumpudding"model1905Einstein(age26)proposesthephoton1911Rutherford(age40)infersthenucleusStatusofphysicsAlbertEinstein(1879-1955)NobelPrize19211913,Bohr(age28)constructsatheoryofato

3、m1921BohrInstituteopenedinCopenhagen(Denmark)Itbecamealeadingcenterforquantumphysics(Pauli,Heisenberg,Dirac,…)NielsBohr(1885-1962)NobelPrize1922oldquantumtheory舊量子論wavefunctionformulationofquantummechanicsErwinSchr?dinger(1887-1961)NobelPrize19331923DeB

4、roglie(age31)matterhaswavepropertiesLouisdeBroglie(1892-1987)NobelPrize19291926Schr?dinger(age39)Schr?dingerequationmatrixformulationofquantummechanicsWernerHeisenberg(1901-1976)NobelPrize19321925atG?ttingen(Germany)M.Born(age43)W.Heisenberg(age23)P.Jor

5、dan(age22)MaxBorn(1882-1970)NobelPrize1954德布羅意波是概率波1926ErwinSchr?dingerinAustriaCarlEckert(age24)inAmericaProved:wavemechanics=matrixmechanics(Schr?dingerandHeisenbergtheoriesequivalentmathematically)Schr?dinger'swavemechanicseventuallybecamethemethodof

6、choice,becauseitislessabstractandeasiertounderstandthanHeisenberg'smatrixmechanicsNeumann(mathematician)inventedoperatortheoryLargelybecauseofhiswork(publishhisbookin1932),quantumphysicsandoperatortheorycanbeviewedastwoaspectsofthesamesubject.wavemechan

7、ics=matrixmechanicsPaulDirac(1902-1984)NobelPrize19331925Pauli(age25)PauliexclusionprincipleWolfgangPauli(1900-1958)NobelPrize19451928Dirac(age26)Diracequation(quantum+relativity)1927SolvayConferenceHeldinBelgium,theconferencewasattendedbytheworld'smost

8、notablephysiciststodiscussthenewlyformulatedquantumtheory.量子力學(xué)Anumberofscientists,includingSchr?dinger,deBroglie,andmostprominentlyEinstein,remainedunhappywiththestandardprobabilisticinterpretationofquantummechanics.任何能思考量子力學(xué)而又沒有